Substance Abuse Among Older Adults Essay - 1317 Words

I was surprised to hear that substance abuse is a growing epidemic among our elderly because when I think of the elderly I don’t think falling over on the floor drunk or sitting at a bar knocking drinks back. It really is an â€Å"invisible epidemic†. It was shocking to hear that because of insufficient knowledge, health care providers often overlook substance abuse among older adults and fail to diagnose them correctly. â€Å"Symptoms of substance abuse in older individuals sometimes mimic symptoms of other medical and behavioral disorders common among this population, such as diabetes, dementia, and depression. Problems stopping from alcohol consumption, including interactions of alcohol with prescribed and over-the-counter drugs, far outnumber any other substance abuse problem among older adults. Furthermore, many of the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse among younger populations do not apply to older adults: older adults are no longer in the work force, have smaller social networks, and drive less. Even when there is the suspicion of a substance abuse disorder, the practitioner may have difficulty applying the diagnostic criteria to a wide variety of nonspecific symptoms. With a younger patient, serious physical problems can be more easily ruled out, leading quickly to a diagnosis of substance abuse in the presence of certain symptoms. With an older patient, health care providers are often in a quandary - symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, insomnia, chronic pain, orShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe number of older Americans will increas e from 35 to 70 million by the year 2030 (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2000). The nation’s population will increase 18% during and the population aged 65 and older will increase 78% ( Wan, Sengupta, Velkoff, DeBarros, 2005). One growing concern within the elderly population is that of substance abuse as it pertains to the increasing numbers of substance abusers, and/or the increasing rates of substance abuse among the elderly populationRead MoreDrug Abuse Within The Elderly Population1135 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of prescriptions written for controlled substances (those with an addictive quality) has increased more than 150% since 2008. Until recently, the social issue of drug abuse within the elderly population has not been widely understood or addressed. Because this is an issue affecting an ever-growing number of the country’s population, the focus of our practice based research project will be based primarily on the increasing number of older adults who are becoming addicted to prescription drugsRead MoreSubstance Abuse in Older Populations1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of substance misuse and abuse among the elderly population is complex. The elderly rarely use alcohol or drugs to get high rather drug or alcohol use that begins after age 60 appears fundamentally different (Culberson Ziska 2008). The elderly sometimes turn to alcohol and drugs to alleviate the physical and psychological pain from the onslaught of medical and psychiatric illness, the loss of loved ones or social isolation (Culberson Ziska 2008). Elderly patients have a combinationRead MoreSubstance Abuse and the Elderly Essay example1705 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance Abuse and the Elderly Substance abuse in the elderly exists just as in any other population. Many seniors develop substance abuse problems due to circumstances or situations due to the aging process. A report by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment/Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration indicates that 17% of adults age 60 and older are affected by alcohol abuse and abuse of legal drugs. The report also states that a third of those seniors who abuse substances didRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression820 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough older adults are at increased risk of depression, it is not a normal part of aging (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015; Mental Health Association, 2016). Depression is among the leading causes of disability in the general adult population, ages 18 years and above (US Preventative Services Taskforce [USPST], 2016). The US Preventative Services Taskforce recommends that all adult patients be screened for depression (USPST, 2016). Approximately 6% of older adults, ages 65Read MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1668 Words   |  7 Pagesand with it we’ve seen greater longevity among America’s elder population. The number of Americans age 65 or older are living longer, in more comfort and in better health than ever before. However, not all American elders are living in good health. As our aging bab y boomers live longer, a substantial and growing percentage of older adults misuse alcohol, prescription drugs, or other substances (Bartel, Blow, Brockmann, 2005). In turn, substance abuse among the elder is generating major health concernsRead MoreSubstance Abuse And The Health Care Act1489 Words   |  6 Pagesalso seen how these issues can carry over into my personal life. In this paper, I will discuss Substance Abuse (alcohol) and how it is becoming a prevalent issue in our communities and our way of life. Substance Abuse has become a major problem, as we discovered that there is a connection between substance abuse, child neglect and abuse, and poverty rates. For many years, concerns about substance abuse has been prevalent in communities and at many levels of government. IntroductionRead MoreSubstance Abuse Disorders And The Lgbtq Community Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance Abuse Disorders and the effect on LGBTQ+ Adults This paper is to show the shockingly disproportionate number of LGBTQ+ community members with various substance abuse issues compared to heterosexual community members. This paper will briefly go over the history of Substance Abuse and the LGBTQ+ community. It will also show the evidence of risk factors of this population both current and previous, as well as some ideas to implement while working with the LGBT+ population. History SubstanceRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Tobacco On The Age Of Addiction981 Words   |  4 Pagesaddiction. Whether it is fast paced lifestyles and over work, obsession with sports or video games, alcohol abuse, or drug abuse. A person can end up with a drug addiction or alcohol addiction at any age. Younger people face different social pressures surrounding drugs and alcohol. Substance abuse is often related to negative experiences at some point during life. Researchers have found that abuse at any age can influence an individual s choice to turn to drugs or alcohol. Middle age and elderly dealRead MoreDysthymia And Substance Abuse Within Adults And Treatments Used For Recovery1576 Words   |  7 PagesDysthymia and Substance Abuse within Adults and the Treatments Used for Recovery Dysthymia (recently categorized into a new disorder called Persistent Depressive Disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM – V)) is a mood disorder where an adult has depression that lasts for at least two years or longer. While moderately depressed, according to Butcher, Hooley, and Mineka (2014), a person must also have at least two or more symptoms to be diagnosed with

Fahrenheit 451 And V For Vendetta, By Ray Bradbury

In the novel Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury and the film V for Vendetta by James McTeigue, there are a different range of features of their text type which explore the common theme of individuality against oppression. A fascist government occupies London after a world war in V for Vendetta. Where V uses terrorist tactics to fight the dictators, after saving Evey from the secret police, he now discovers an ally in the battle against England’s corrupt government. Fahrenheit 451, set in the futuristic 24th century, tells the story of Guy Montag and his struggle with the censored society. Burning books as a living, he begins to question his occupation and joins an underground network of intellectuals to rebuild a literate and cultural†¦show more content†¦Alike, V for Vendetta explores the fear in a totalitarian regime with propaganda, controlled by the Norsefire party. The Chancellor uses oppression as a method to maintain control. The Norsefire party demonstrate s attributes of the Nazi regime in Germany. These texts, depict what can happen when governments take over the society, but there are some citizens who are willing to sacrifice their lives to ensure freedom for the people. Both V for Vendetta and Fahrenheit 451 pay close detail to its setting, where they can convey oppression and fear to their societies with their strict rules, in the future. Para 2 – Imagery cinematography The various cinematic features and imagery used in V for Vendetta and Fahrenheit 451 display the theme of individuals and their fight to overcome oppression. The cinematic features in V for Vendetta include sound, camera angles and flashbacks. McTeigue cleverly uses different techniques in scenes which leave an impact on the audience, how the individuals are able to unite. The music in the background which plays each time the bombs destroy a government building, creates the theme of freedom. With each explosion, there is a sense of each individual becoming freer in the society in which they no longer want to live in. As the music intensifies, achieving victory. Flashbacks are important to the theme of oppression becauseShow MoreRelatedConformity In Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury1005 Words   |  5 Pagesis doing nothing but boxing us in. Ray Bradbury is one of many authors to publish a novel surrounding these concepts. His book Fahrenheit 451, uses his protagonist Montag, to repres ent the way conformity can impact the individual. Bradbury wrote the novel during a time when the world feared the reign of communist government, and loss of the known society. Bradbury wanted to make people question not all the world, but also themselves. Throughout Fahrenheit 451 the audience is introduced to a dystopic

Classical mechanics free essay sample

A speech proposal Is a brief description of what you are going to say In a speech, The most common situation in which you would be asked to write one would be for a high school or college course in writing or public speaking. However, while you may never be asked to write a speech proposal outside of school, you may be asked to give a brief summary on the topic you will be speaking on which is when these skills will come in handy.Descriptive speeches are trying to tell the audience a story or explain a topic. An Inspirational story or an amusing anecdote about your life Is a descriptive storytelling beech. A physics lecture is a descriptive informative speech because you are trying to make the audience understand something. Descriptive speeches can be used to support an argument. For example, it might explain certain facts about your nations tax laws that might make the listener want to lower taxes. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical mechanics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Or It might be a story with a moral at the end.For example, the story of an immigrant familys struggles will probably alert listeners to the issues facing immigrants and possibly make them want to help. 2 State your purpose. For an argumentative speech, summarize what your argument or thesis is. Raising Taxes stifles economic growth. For a descriptive speech, state what you are trying to tell the audience. This is the story of a Somalia refugee who was separated from her family or An overview of Classical Mechanics Tell the reader the basics of what you are going to say.For an argumentative speech, state the evidence that you will use to support your argument. First, I will give historical examples of situations in which excessive taxation led too decline In quality of life For a descriptive informative speech, outline the aspects of the topic you would Eke the audience to learn. Topics Include linear and angular acceleration and velocity, ravine, and collisions. For a descriptive story telling topic, summarize the story you are trying to tell. Man was separated from her mother at the age of seven and came to the united States as a refugee. This is the story of how State what you wish the audience to take away from the speech. In an argumentative speech, this is simply a restatement of the thesis and evidence. In a descriptive speech, this is a moral of the story or a conclusion derived from the evidence.

Post-Traumatic Disorder Essay Example

Post-Traumatic Disorder Essay Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder that is experienced by some people after going through some shocking or scary events, after a traumatic experience, an individual feels afraid and fear triggers many changes in the body and help defend danger or avoid it (Kozaric-Kovacic 9). The fight to flight situation is the reaction of the trauma, and the body protects the person from harm. If the symptoms persist, the person is therefore diagnosed with PSTD. Some individuals experience unexpected death of loved ones, and the disorder tends to begin early although some start years afterward. Symptoms, Risk factors and onset age The symptoms are supposed to last more than a month, and the situation becomes severe enough to interfere with the relationship or the daily activities. For someone to be diagnosed with PSTD, an adult must have the following for at least one month. The person should have one re-experiencing symptoms like flashbacks. This kind of symptoms allows one to relive the trauma over and over like the racing heart and sweating. The other re-experiencing symptoms that the patient should have so that he can be diagnosed with PSTD is bad dreams and frightening thoughts (Kozaric-Kovacic 9). The re-experiencing symptoms happen as a barrier in the persons everyday routine. The symptoms begin from the person feelings and out of his ideas, and thats why they keep reoccurring. We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Traumatic Disorder specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Traumatic Disorder specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Traumatic Disorder specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All the things that remind them of the tragic event like object, words or situation and they are also the cause of re-experiencing symptoms. The diagnosis also happens if there is at least one avoidance system, two arousal and reactivity symptoms and mood symptoms and cognition experience. The avoidance symptoms include the person staying away from events that can remind them of their predicament and also when they tend to evade what they are feeling about the traumatic event. Arousal symptoms are constant, and the symptoms can make someone angry and feel stressed. They start to lose appetite, sleep and they become slow in their jobs (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatments and Drugs Mayo Clinic). Moods and cognitive becomes worse after the traumatic events, but they are not caused by being injured or abusing drug but rather by the alienation of the person with the loved ones. The risk factor of PTSD involves all the ages, but some factors might make someone more susceptible than others like experiencing child abuse or neglect and having mental health problems like anxiety and depressions. If someone has a relative, who has mental problems that include depression or even PTSD and lack of enough support systems from the family and friends (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatments And Drugs Mayo Clinic). If someone had a combat exposure, threatened with a weapon, being physically attacked and childhood abuse experience together with events like fire, robbery, car crashes or planes, terrorists attacks and other extreme life events that can threaten a person. Course of Disease Progression Symptoms of PSTD begin within the first three months after the traumatic event has happened. There might be a delay of months or even years before the first symptoms have appeared. Acute Stress Disorder is what is experienced first after the immediate aftermath of the trauma (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatments And Drugs Mayo Clinic). The duration that occurs with complete recovery usually varies within the three months of incubation in almost half of the reported cases. Other patients experience longer periods like 12 months after the trauma. The course is usually characterized by warning and waxing symptoms. The reactivation of symptoms might occur in response to the reminder of the original trauma, trauma events, and life stressors. The duration and severity of the exposure of the traumatic event are the most important factors affecting the developing likelihood of the disorder. The disorder can develop in individuals who do not have the predisposing conditions especially if the stressor is very extreme. There is an evidence of a heritable component to the transmission of PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatments And Drugs Mayo Clinic). High degree of vulnerability can be recorded if someone has a history of depression and therefore susceptible to PTSD. Effects on the Individual, Family, Friends and Society PTSD has various effects on the individual and the people around the person lie the family. Individuals who have PTSD have hard feeling emotions and therefore they detach themselves from their loved ones, therefore, giving those who love them a hard time to live around them (Wimalawansa Causes And Risk Factors For Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). They might have hard personal relationships which might affect their children giving them behavioral problems due to lower parental satisfaction. Family and friends feel guilty about a fact that they cant change what had happened to the individual or they can lie in avoidance and fear of what the person might do when he or she remembers the tragic event (Wimalawansa Causes and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). The worrying of family members might cause depression among the members of the family, and they might develop other complications out of anger and the feeling of helplessness. Treatment PTSD can be treated, and when the treatment occurs, it allows someone to have the sense of control over their life (Wimalawansa Causes and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). The primary treatment is psychotherapy, and one can also try the secondary treatment of medication. A patient might be required to carry out different types of psychotherapy like cognitive therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and exposure therapy. Therapy is necessary to allow the individual to acquire control of their life and fight fear after the traumatic event (Salyers et al. 17). Apart from therapy other treatment can be considered which are referred to as a secondary treatment. The treatment is using several medications which can help to improve symptoms of PTSD. The types of medication include antidepressants, prazosin, and anti-anxiety medications. The medications are effective in various ways. Antidepressants are the medication which helps the symptoms of depression and anxiety (Office of Research Development). The drugs assist in eradicating the sleep problem and increasing one concentration. The treatment has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat PTSD. Prazosin is used to treat symptoms like recurrent nightmares and insomnia; the drug only suppresses nightmares in people with PTSD. Anti-anxiety medications improve the feelings of anxiety and stress for a short while so that severe anxiety can rely on; the drugs are however not taken for an extended period since they are said to have the potential for abuse. Barriers of Treatment There have been reported cases of barriers that are related to the treatment of PTSD. It has been recorded that people who have psychological injuries including PTSD receive minimally adequate treatment for their injuries. It has been noted that there has been a big gap between the number of service members and the veterans who had PTSD and the number of people who receive high-quality care for it (Office of Research Development). The gap, therefore, represents extensive human suffering and loss of productivity. Barriers that exists are the patient barriers, provider barrier, and institutional barriers. The patient barrier could be about the employment effects that seeks treatment for PSTD; some have got the mentality that mental health care is ineffective. There is also the barrier that exists when people do not have adequate information on resources for care, financial concerns and logistic problems such as the distance of traveling. The providers barrier might include lack of training, treatment locations issues like transportation in war regions and also a lack of enough time. The organizational level barrier includes lack of requirements to do serious screening and treatment. The treatment programs which require significant time commitment such as the occupational rehabilitation treatment program might be a challenge since the time might be limited (Office Of Research Development). Some of the internal barriers that might be a challenge to treatment include public stigma and nave public exhibit prejudice. A lot of people associate individuals with extensive mental illness with segregation, and they stigmatize the people affected pushing them to the edge. Complications of Treatment and Medication Possible complications related to PTSD include increased the risk of suicide whereby it is brought about by panic and risk of suicidal thoughts. If the persons phobias are high, they might be in danger of committing suicide (Salyers et al. 18). They might also have some depression related diseases like the bipolar disorders which might worsen the anxiety increasing the risk of agitation, insomnia, and concentration problem. Other complications like gastrointestinal disorder, obesity, and loss of weight, allergic conditions and headaches might be increased if the anxiety is not suppressed. Nature vs. Nurture It has been identified that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder can be a result of nature and nurture together. It has been found that the genes and environment might interact to influence the risk of someone getting PSTD. In the sense of nurturing, individuals who experience a traumatic experience when they were children, they are likely to develop PTSD in adulthood than those exposed to one of the incidents (Salyers et al. 19). The study has indicated that individuals with a particular genetic mutation, have a high risk of developing PSTD. According to the information provided, PTSD is complex anxiety disorder which incorporates re-experiencing, arousal and avoidance to life-threatening circumstances. Moreover, it is an apparent effect of the environmental factors, and it has a heritable component. The study shows that genetic factors cause almost 30% of PTSD symptoms. Hope There is hope for the prevention and treatment of PTSD whereby veterans have conducted the National Center for PSTD to set agenda and research which would be used to educate individuals on the issues related to the disorder and how to prevent and seek treatment (Salyers et al. 20). The research will determine the prevalence of PTSD in women, prolonged exposure therapy, and cognitive therapy will be useful to reduce the symptoms of PTSD. Prazosin drugs have also been found to be effective drugs which can be relied on to reduce high blood pressure, prostate problems and can also be used to suppress nightmares and sleep loss in the PTSD patients. Work Cited Office Of Research Development. Research.va.gov. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Oct. 2016. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatments And Drugs Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 4 Oct. 2016. Kozaric-Kovacic, Dragica. Causes, Diagnoses And Treatment Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatrica21.S2 (2009): 9. Web. Salyers, Michelle P. et al. Barriers To Assessment And Treatment Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Other Trauma-Related Problems In People With Severe Mental Illness: Clinician Perspectives. Community Mental Health Journal40.1 (2004): 17-31. Web. 5 Oct. 2016. Wimalawansa, Sunil J. Causes And Risk Factors For Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Importance Of Right Diagnosis And Treatment. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences5.2 (2013): n. pag. Web.

Freedom Mean To Me Essay Example

Freedom Mean To Me Essay Example Freedom Mean To Me Essay Freedom Mean To Me Essay Freedom!!! Freedom!!! Freedom!!! What a great word to describe life, to describe the air that blows threw the great valley, to describe birds. All these are symbols of freedom. Why you may ask? Why life well because in life they give you the freedom to choose who and what you are going to become as a person. To choose is a form of freedom, because in the past you were not able to choose what you wanted unless you were of the white race. Also the air that blows threw the great valley because no matter how much you try to stop the wind from blowing its still going to blow. : This symbolizes freedom because although people are trying to stop you from doing what makes you happy or have the right to do, you have the right to pursue happiness. Another great example is birds. Have you ever seen a bird in the open? A flight off bird in my opinion symbolizes Freedom. Why you may ask? For many reasons they symbolize freedom because they are able to fly as high as they want to for as long as they want to through were ever they want to and the list goes on these are examples that came up to my mind as I was thinking of freedom from a general stand point. In the story, it was said indirectly that Mrs. Millard was not happy with her marriage. One can infer that through death Mrs. Millard was able to attain the freedom she desired because she no longer had to follow the rules of the nineteenth century society. It can be inferred that Mrs. Millard was an average housewife of the nineteenth century. She was a woman that wanted to have the independence that unfortunately women were not able to have in the sass. Women of the time were not allowed to go to school, not allowed to get a Job, and were expected to do coursework such as cooking and cleaning. In those times men had complete control over the money rending a woman from having the option of running away. It would have been senseless to run away since food and shelter were provided by the husband. The only way a woman would have been able to get out of a marriage was if their husband died or if they themselves pasted away. Death was the only way Mrs. Millard was able to acquire true freedom she craved. Death allowed her to be free from unfortunate life style women were forced to have at the time. She no longer had o wait on her husbands hands and feet like a nineteenth century woman was expected to do. She did not have to put up with by the rules of the nineteenth century society. Mrs. Millard became the woman she wanted to be, a true independent woman. In conclusion, freedom is a natural right that humans are born with. Nothing should threaten our freedom or deprive us from our right. In addition, our right of freedom must never harm any other human being directly or indirectly. We must respect freedom of everyone in todays society. This way we can enjoy our freedom through our life. Freedom Mean To Me By bedrooms

Unlock your minds hidden potential with this trick

Unlock your minds hidden potential with this trick Who among us doesn’t want to reach our full potential? Most of us have been told by someone at least once during our lives- possibly a parent or other family member, or maybe a friend or someone else in a position of trust, like a teacher- that we have a great deal of potential for achieving great things in life, and if we could summon the dedication, discipline, and mental fortitude to unlock it and utilize it to its fullest, we’d be successful! Using our mind’s full potential could benefit us in all areas of our lives, from strengthening personal relationships to reaching our professional and career goals and everything in between, so putting in the effort to unlock this hidden potential is a worthwhile investment.According to a blog post on pickthebrain.com, there’s a great deal of evidence that suggests people can unlock significant dormant mental potential and go on to achieve great success: â€Å"Your mind is a vast, largely unexplained source of en ergy and power†¦ many very successful people have believed in these powers and used them to create incredible fortunes and success†¦They exist whether you are willing to admit it and use it to your benefit or not. If you don’t, then you are missing out on getting the very most out of your life.†So†¦ the big question remains: How do you go about unlocking your mind’s hidden potential? Well, a recent Psychology Today article by Dr. Chris Gilbert, MD, PhD may just hold the answer to unlocking what she terms your â€Å"inner genius.†Dr. Gilbert focuses on a curious phenomenon that occurs in individuals who have suffered damage to the left anterior temporal lobe (LATL) in the brain and acquired what’s known as acquired savant syndrome, a disorder in which people spontaneously develop incredible  memories  and genius level abilities. This rare occurrence has been documented in a very small number of individuals (just 32 at the time of t his writing), but their experiences paint a powerful portrait of tapping into one’s latent potential.Take Derek for instance, who’s referred to in the article:Derek was a 39-year-old sales trainer with no musical skill when he dove head first into a very shallow swimming pool while visiting his mom. He suffered a severe head concussion and was taken to the hospital. Four days later, when he was resting at one of his friends’ house, he discovered that he was able to play the piano flawlessly and beautifully even though he couldn’t read music. That day, he played the piano for 6 hours. He is now working as a well-paid musician and composes music.Pretty powerful stuff, right? And Derek is just one example. There are others who, for some reason or another, often through an accident or brain altering illness like a stroke or dementia, acquired new talents after getting acquired savant syndrome. Dr. Gilbert notes, â€Å"Special skills in acquired savants, like the unusual abilities of ‘natural savants’ like autistic children, usually manifest as musical abilities- most often the piano with perfect pitch like Derek- visual memory, arithmetic abilities, painting, drawing, sculpting, and spatial skills where the savant can construct complex accurate models or excel at direction finding and map making.†However, before you go off and assume that you need to damage your brain’s LATL in order to get acquired savant syndrome, don’t get the wrong idea! Dr. Gilbert is not suggesting that anyone hurt themselves or do anything tragic and irreversible to their brains. However, she is saying that we can learn from the experiences of Derek and the others who have been diagnosed with acquired savant syndrome and apply this knowledge to answer the following question: Can healthy people acquire savant-like talents and unlock their â€Å"inner geniuses† by suppressing their LATL in a safer way? Dr. Gilbert argues tha t the LATL in our brains function to actively suppress certain portions of our ability to help us focus on the primary needs for survival, and that it keeps our full abilities and potential in check and dormant.Evidence for this has been shown in laboratory studies in individuals without brain trauma. Dr. Gilbert’s article refers to research performed by Dr. Allan Snyder, a neuroscientist at the University of Sidney, Australia, who demonstrated that there is a way to temporarily â€Å"turn-off† our LATL without any ill effects, so that all of us could exhibit savant-like talents:â€Å"Dr. Snyder artificially fatigued the LATL by stimulating it with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for 15 minutes in healthy subjects.  This technique is the equivalent of tiring out a muscle by vigorously exercising it. After TMS exposure, Snyder’s test subjects showed improved ability to draw objects from memory, to quantify the number of discrete objects in complex visu al scenes, and to accurately proof-read documents- all skills that depend upon memory for small details.†This means that there’s a potential sleeping â€Å"inner genius† inside all of us that’s just waiting to be woken up! But†¦can we emulate these results outside of a lab? It turns out that the answer is yes, we can.Based on Dr. Snyder’s work, Dr. Gilbert suggests that â€Å"anything we do that actively fatigues the LATL in a natural way could allow latent drawing, math, spatial, or musical abilities to surface.† She encourages engaging in activities that allow our brains to hyperfocus on the small, meaningless details of things to loosen the oppressive grip of our LATLs on our brain functioning. Things like transcendental meditation, repetition of a nonsensical mantra, and some forms of hypnosis can simulate the effects needed to temporarily suppress LATL activity, and allow our brains to unlock our hidden potential.The next time youâ €™re eager to unleash your mind’s hidden potential, consider the simple tricks mentioned here. Dr. Gilbert sums it up best: â€Å"So here’s the bottom line: To unleash your hidden talent, either focus exclusively on meaningless details or go overboard thinking about the meaning of things around you. Either way, you will push your LATL into the back seat and put your inner genius in the driver’s seat.†

Ismg 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ismg 3000 - Essay Example Both of them may be right from their own perspective. It may be that the system can work with proper management or there may be need to change the system according to the needs of Calder. Both of them appear to be right in their own way which makes it difficult to decide. However if I were to choose I will Calder as the arguments presented by Calder are more convincing. Capability Maturity Model is a process improvement approach. This model is used to rate organizations according to their maturity levels. Maturity levels depend upon the standardization or process in the organization. These processes can be varied such as software engineering, risk management, personnel management etc. There are five levels of CMM – The structure of CMM consists of maturity levels, Key process areas, Goals, Common features and key practices. Every maturity level described above has some key process areas which need to be focused upon in order to reach the maturity level. Each key process area has goals common features and key practices associated with it. The core idea in â€Å"Agile† approach to project management is rapid and flexible response to any change in the project. In order to ensure this the agile approach encourages teamwork, collaboration and the ability to alter the process throughout the life cycle of the project. Agile projects do not involve long term planning. They break down the project into small iterations or time periods. Iteration usually lasts from 1 to 4 weeks. During each iteration all the teams involved in project such as planning, designing, coding, testing work simultaneously and in close collaboration with each other. This easily allows for changes in the project after each iteration .Agile gives importance to face to face communication, flat hierarchical structures, small team size and constant communication with the customer. IT projects with more than 50% chances of failure are usually called as Death March projects. These are projects

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Research Proposal Example hts refer to the moral norms or principles that generally describe some specific human behavior standards which are protected regularly as legal rights according to the set of International Law. The rights are inherent for all human beings irrespective of their age, nationality, gender, ethnicity, religion and place. However, in practice it is found that there are major sections of people who are deprived of certain human rights because of the existence of discrimination among the people based on different factors including race, gender, nationality and many more (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project, â€Å"Defending Human Rights: A Resource Book for Human Rights Defenders†). Defending or protection of human rights has become a major challenge for the government of different countries and people are also required to defend their own human right. It is very essential for the government and legal authorities to implement effective laws and regulations that woul d help in providing the respective human right to every section of people in the society and further avoid discrimination (Freedomhouse, â€Å"Defending Regional Human Rights Protection Mechanisms: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights under Attack†). Additionally, the human rights states that there should not be inequality among the people based on diverse discriminating factors. More awareness should be created among the people regarding the importance of defending human right so that people are equally treated and they receive what they deserve being responsible citizen of society (OSCE/ODIHR, â€Å"Guidelines on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders†). Some human rights defenders focuses on encouraging Government as a whole to fulfill human rights obligations, for example by publicizing information on the Government’s record of implementing human rights standards and monitoring progress made (OHCHR, â€Å"Human Rights Defenders: Protecting the Ri ght to Defend Human

Checkout and Settlement Essay Example for Free

Checkout and Settlement Essay Check out and settlement are part of the final stages of the guest cycle. It is the final phase of the guest cycle and examines the various activities involved in checkout and settlement. Check out involves the front desk as also other departments such as housekeeping, bell desk, cashier’s desk, Point of sales etc. Main areas for a checkout are the belldesk and the cashier. The FO performs at least 3 important functions during the checkout and settlement process. †¢ It resolves outstanding guest account balances. †¢ It updates room status information †¢ It creates guest history records. Guest account settlement depends on effective FO accounting system that maintains accurate guest folios, verifies and authorizes a method of settlement and resolves discrepancies in account balances. Hotels find it most effective to settle a guest account while the guest is still in the hotel. Guest can settle the bill by paying cash, charging the balance to a credit card, deferring payment to an approved direct billing entity or using a combination of payment methods. Most hotels require a guest to specify during registration an eventual method of settlement. FO should verify or confirm guest credit card or direct billing information before he/she arrives at the desk for check out. Pre settlement verification activities ensure that the hotel will be paid for accommodation and services. DEPARTURE ACTIVITIES AT VARIOUS DESKS: 1) At the Bell Desk: During checkout a luggage outpass has to be obtained from the cashier stating that the guest has settled his account and returned the room key. Once this is received a departure errand card is made and filled out by the bell boy and will got to the guest room to bring down the luggage. The bell captain will also make an entry regarding this in the bell captain’s control sheet. On reaching the guest room the bell boy will announce himself, knock on the door enter the room on gaining permission. The bellboy will also ensure the following: 1. Collect room keys from the guest 2. Check the room for any possible damage to the property. 3. Draws the curtains, locks the balcony. 4. Checks bathroom and fittings. 5. The guest is escorted by him to the front desk 6. He puts a â€Å"room to be cleaned tag† card on the door after switching of the lights and air conditioner. The departure room is then inspected by a housekeeping supervisor/ Room attendant to ensure that nothing is left behind by the guest. The housekeeping/ In room dining department will also check the minibar for anything consumed by the guest to be charged to the bill. At the lobby the bell boy will: Keep the guest’s luggage at the bell desk Put hotel stickers and mark the luggage with â€Å"D† indicating departure luggage. Collect the luggage out clearance slip from the reception and loads the luggage in the car/taxi. Return the errand card to the bell captain which will then be entered onto the bell captain’s control sheet. 2) At the Reception desk: The Front desk receptionist checks the list of expected checkouts for the day and will confirm with the guest his date and time of checkout. Departure notification slips are printed to inform the other departments of the guest’s checkout. In a manual system the room racks are updated. The departure register is also updated. Checking for the mail messages and faxes. Checking for safe deposit box or in room safe keys. 3) At the cashier’s desk: 1. Verifying account information. 2. Posting any remaining charges to the guest’s folio. 3. Presenting the guest folio. 4. Verifying the method of payment. 5. Processing the account payment. 6. Securing the room key. 7. Updating the room status. The procedures used will vary among Front Offices depending upon hotels level of service and degree of automation. Some Front Offices offer automated or express check out. Traditionally at check out guest is presented a final copy of his/her account folio for review and settlement. FOA should confirm how the guest intends to settle the account. Guest may establish credit by presenting a credit card but may choose to settle his bill by cash or travelers cheques. VIP or special guests or corporate accounts should not be asked for settlement if their account is marked that all charges are to be Direct Billed. FOA should bring the guest account balance to zero, called zeroing out. When guest pays by cash or credit card, hotels assume that the payment is full and close the folio. If the account is to be paid through Direct Billing by the hotel, however the account is not brought to a zero balance because it must be transferred to the city ledger and billed through the account receivable system. METHODS OF SETTLEMENT A guest account can be brought to a zero balance in several ways. Methods of settlement include cash payment, credit card or Direct Billing transfer or combined settlement method. I. CASH PAYMENT IN FULL Cash payment in full at check out will bring a guest account balance to zero. A cash receipt has to be issued to the guest by the cashier. The cashier should mark the folio paid. If the guest has produced a credit card at check in, the cashier should destroy the guest credit card voucher imprinted at registration when the guest pays the account in full with cash. Guests paying in foreign currency should convert their money to local currency (some international currencies like $ are accepted). Hotels often charge a fee to convert currencies as banks charge the fee from the hotels. Currency conversion rates are displayed at the Cashiers counter or it can also be taken from business sections of newspapers. Guests can also use traveler’s cheques to settle their bills. Traveler’s cheques are issued by banks and avoid the risk of carrying cash. At the time of settlement the cashier should confirm the identity of the guest from the safety and security point of view. Also there is no danger of them being stolen as they can be encashed only when the signature of the holder tallies with the signature signed at the time of issue. A foreign traveler’s cheque should be treated as foreign currency and the necessary records, statements and certificates must be maintained like in the case of foreign currency and should be sent to the Reserve Bank of India. Difference between an ordinary cheque and a traveler’s cheque |Ordinary cheque |Travelers cheque | |For issuing a person should have a bank account (either |No need of any bank account for purchasing and encashing of | |current or saving). |traveler’s cheque. | |Any amount can be filled in the cheque as they are blank. |Have a fixed amount printed on its face and available in different | | |denominations. | |Only one signature is needed of the holder. |Two signatures are required (one in the presence of the issuing | | |authority and second in the presence of encashing authority). | |Ordinary cheques are valid only for 3-6 months. |Valid for indefinite period of time unless dated. | |These cheques can be crossed for account payee. |No such provision. | |No slip/list of lost, damaged or stolen cheques is issued by |Many banks issue a stop list for stolen and damaged cheques. | |the bank. | | |Cheque may bounce as the balance in the account may be less |No such possibility as the amount is already printed on the face of | |than the cheque |the cheque. | |Not safe as someone might force the owner to sign the cheque. |Quite safe because the second signature have to be put in front of | | |the encashing authority. | Procedure for accepting foreign currency: †¢ Request guest passport and determine the credentials such as name and photo identification place of issue and date of expiry of the passport. †¢ Confirm that the guest is a resident of the hotel by asking his room no. If the guest is a non-resident the permission of the lobby manager is obtained who will extend this facility to VIP’s and regular guests. †¢ Receive the cash or traveler’s cheque in foreign currency. †¢ Calculate the total amount of ocal currency to be paid by multiplying the foreign currency by the exchange rate displayed. †¢ Fill in details of the foreign currency encashment certificate. †¢ Request the guest to sign the foreign currency encashment certificate and compare the signature with the passport. †¢ Request the guest to sign the traveler’s cheque if it is an instrument of exchange. †¢ Give the total amount of local currency with the encashment certificate to the guest †¢ Second copy of the certificate is attached to the notes or traveler’s cheques received †¢ Third copy remains in the encashment certificate book. †¢ Fill in details in the record of foreign currency transactions. †¢ Fill in details of the foreign currency transaction in the cashier’s report. II. CREDIT CARD TRANSFER Even though credit card transfer settlement brings a guest account to zero, the amount of the charge must be tracked until payment is actually received from the credit card Co. Credit card settlement creates a transfer of credit on the guest folio and moves an account balance from the guest ledger to a credit card account in the city ledger (non- guest ledger). (Procedure). Guest signature completes this transaction. In some hotels computer system sends the settlement transactions directly to the credit card Co. guest only signs on the voucher present at FO. There is no need to sign on imprinted voucher. When foreign guests pay by credit card, credit card Co. payment is in local currency. III. DIRECT BILLING TRANSFER Like credit card settlement, direct billing transfers a guest account balance from the guest ledger to the city ledger. Unlike credit card settlement responsibility for billing and collecting a direct billing lies with the hotel rather than an outside agency. Billing should be arranged and approved by hotel’s credit department. Guest signs the folio and accepts the responsibility to pay the bill should direct billing account not pay the bill. IV. COMBINED SETTLEMENT METHOD A guest may elect to use more than one settlement method to bring the folio balance to zero. E.g., guest may make partial cash payment and charge the reminder of the account balance to an acceptable credit card. FOA must accurately record the combined settlement methods and take care that all required paper work is properly completed. Once the guest has settled the account the FOA should provide the guest with a copy of the folio. Good evaluation and follow up should be there as it is the last chance to make an impression. LATE CHECK OUTS Guests do not always check out by the hotels posted check out time. To minimise late check outs, the front office should post check out time notices in conspicuous places such as back of the guest room door, FO, in departure material etc. some hotels charge late check out fee. Explain to the guest why the fee is charged (management policy, HK can prepare room for other guests arriving that day). CHECK OUT OPTIONS Advance in technology with special guest service to expedite departure activities. 1. Express check out Guests may encounter line at front desk when checking out during the peak hours (e.g., between 7.30 and 9.30 am). To ease front desk volume, some FO initiate check out activity before the guest is actually ready to leave. A common pre departure activity involves producing and distributing guest folios to guests expected to check out. FO, HK or Security staff can quietly slip the folio into the guestroom, while they go for their rounds. By completing such a form, guest authorises the front office to transfer his or her outstanding folio to the credit card voucher created during registration. Procedure for express check-out: The receptionist should inform the guest about the express check out facility in the hotel If the guest wishes to use this facility obtain his card during check in Take the impression of the card on a charge slip and on the express check out slip. The charge slip is signed by the guest. One copy of the express check out slip is given to the guest. Explain to the guest that he needs to wrap his room key in the copy and drop it in the express check out drop box located in the lobby at the time of his departure. Attach a copy of the charge slip and express check out sip to the registration card The lobby manager/duty manager files his copy of express check out slip as per the check out date. A day prior to the guests check out the copy of the guest bill is sent to the room with an ECO sticker attached An ECO rooms list should be printed every morning which is necessary for monitoring the entire system. The second copy of this list is given to the bell desk. This system is available only for credit card paying guests and is a facility given to those guests who avoid going physically to the cashier’s desk at the time of check out for considerable time saving. 2. Self check out In some hotels guests can check themselves out of the hotel by accessing self check out terminals in the lobby or in room system interfaced with front office computer intended to reduce check out time and front desk traffic. Some resemble automatic bank teller machines while others posses video and audio capability. Credit card has to be used (number or magnetic strip). Check out is complete when the guest’s balance is transferred to a credit card account and an itemised account statement is printed and dispersed to the guest. This system sends an updated room status to front office computer. In room folio review and check out usually relies on an in room television or guestroom telephone access via an in room TV. Guests can pick up a printed folio at the front desk on his way out. In room self check out automatically updates room status and creates Guest History records. Another advantage is guests can look at their folios at any time during their stay. UNPAID ACCOUNT BALANCES No matter how carefully the front office monitors guest’s stay there is always possibility that the guest will leave without settling his account. Guest may forget to check out or front office may discover late charges for a guest who has already checked out. After departure charges or outstanding balances represent unpaid account balances. LATE CHARGES may be a major concern in guest account settlement. Restaurant, telephone, room service charges etc are the examples of some potential late charges. Sometimes additional cost of postage, stationary, labor, etc is more than the late charge itself. It is important in maximising the profitability. FOLLOWING STEPS CAN BE TAKEN TO REDUCE LATE CHARGES: In automated and semi automated system front office can- †¢ Post transactional vouchers as soon as they arrive at the front desk. †¢ Survey front office equipment and voucher and folio racks for unposted charges. E.g., local telephone, in room movie charge meters may posses information not recorded in a voucher. †¢ Ask departing guests whether they have incurred any charge purchase or long distance calls that do not appear on the folio. Front may appoint runners to collect vouchers or get information on phone at peak hours. Front office computer system that interfaces with revenue center outlets is often the most effective means of reducing or even eliminating late charges. Room key deposits at reception counter help in reducing unpaid balances. ACCOUNT COLLECTION Late charges that are billed to departed guests should not be classified as un- collectible until the front office has exhausted all billing and collection procedures. A registration card should contain guest address, phone number etc. Procedures for collection of late charges will be different for cash and credit card depending on company policy for late charges. Guest account not settled at check out regardless of the credit established or prepayments processed during registration are transferred from the guest ledger to the city ledger, from front office to hotels accounting division. TYPICAL CITY LEDGER ACCOUNT INCLUDE: 1. Credit card billing- to authorised credit card billing. 2. Direct billing–to approved company and individual account. 3. Travel agency account- for authorised tours and groups. 4. Bad cheque account- resulting from departed guests whose personal cheques were returned unpaid. 5. Skipper account- guests who left the hotel without settling their account. 6. Disputed bills account- for guests who refuse to settle their account (in part or in full) because of a discrepancy. 7. Guaranteed reservation account- for billing and tracing no show guests. 8. Late charges account- for guests who checked out before some charges were posted to their account. 9. House accounts- for non-guest business and promotional activities. To be effective, the front office must establish a policy for billing departed guests with overdue account. Account receivable billing include determining: 1. When outstanding account balances are payable. 2. The number of days between billing. 3. How to control departed guests whose accounts are overdue. Collection schedules can range from aggressive (short cycle) to lenient (long cycle) depending on the hotels financial needs, clientele profile, history of collection patterns and so on. †¢ Firm in any encounters involving deferred payment. †¢ Documented procedure for collecting overdoes. †¢ Credit for tour group to be established well before they arrive. †¢ Uncollectible accounts to be sent back to the departments that originally accepted the uncollectible charge. FRONT OFFICE RECORDS Front office usually makes two copies of each guest account folio. 1 copy – guest receipt 2 copy – hotels permanent record Front office that uses three part folio, file the third copy with credit card voucher or direct billing statement in case the guest later needs a summary of charges. Registration cards are filed alphabetically whereas guest folios are filed numerically. GUEST HISTORIES Front office management can better understand its clientele and determine guest trends when it develops and maintains a guest history file. It contains personal and financial data of the guest hence it is confidential and proprietary. It is the last step in check out and account settlement. Many hotels build guest history cards from expired registration cards. It has information about the guest’s spouse, family etc. the information may help develop ads that appeal to the types of clientele the hotel is attempting to attract. Guest histories may also point out the need for new, supplementary or enhanced services. MARKETING FOLLOW THROUGH Hotels marketing department may rely in part on guest history files to develop new marketing strategies. Also, a property-marketing programme may depend on the front office performance and follow through at check out. E.g., marketing department creates a program to reward frequent guests with a free stay. Front office may be responsible for tracking the number of stays. Frequent travelers clubs are designed to encourage brand loyalty. Here airlines work as co marketers. GROUP DEPARTURE: At the Bell desk: Sufficient number of bell boys are arranged to handle luggage of the group. Baggage down time and wake up calls times are important and must be checked and followed strictly. Allocate floors and rooms to bell boys to bring down the luggage down to the lobby. If on the day of departure the guests are not in the room the bell boys go to each group member’s rooms and â€Å"pull† each group members baggage out of the room and bring it down to the lobby until the group is ready to leave. This process is called as â€Å"bag pull† Baggage is brought down to the lobby and counted. Bell captain obtains a baggage outpass. Room keys are handed to reception After clearance from the cashier and reception Finally the baggage is loaded onto the vehicle by the bellboys. At the reception: Departure notification sips are issued half an hour prior to actual departure by the receptionist to telephones, housekeeping, room service, and food and beverage etc. to avoid any late charges. At the cashier: Cashier prints out the master folio and individual folios {if any}. Makes a room wise summary for easy collection Master folio given to the tour leader and the individual bills are collected with the assistance of tour leader.

Physics is Everywhere Essay -- Essays Papers

Physics is Everywhere Physics is like math; it is always being used everywhere, whether we are conscious of it or not. With the use and knowledge of physics, one can take into account that knowledge to help them perform a deed more successfully and efficient. Although skydiving and weight lifting aren’t the only activities that involve physics, I feel that they are some of the most interesting and benefit seeking activities. Without the knowledge of physics, skydiving wouldn’t be as safe as it is today and weight lifters wouldn’t be able to lift five times their weight. The history of the physics of skydiving and weight lifting has been affected by implications socially and economically. Over the years, these activities have been altered due to increasing knowledge of physics, and this knowledge will continue to expand as time elapses. In 1797 the Frenchman Andre Jacques Garnerin performed the first parachute plunge from an aircraft using a basket below an open parachute, which was made of silk and solidified with supporting poles (The History of Sport Parachuting). When the first parachute was dropped, physicists didn’t have a wealth of knowledge about the physics that supported skydiving. Ever since the first drop, skydiving has been an evolving sport, as this is due to the developing knowledge of physics. Skydiving is perceived as a very risky sport in the eyes of the public; therefore, in order for the sport to continue, physicists needed to discover ways to reduce the risks involved. They were successful in doing this by developing better equipment and techniques. The economical impact of skydiving has been huge. The research involved in the design of the chute, the materials used, and the engineering invo... ...s. â€Å"Physics in Action† 4 June. 1997. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/projects/frig/piabycbu/pia1.html - George, Jeff. â€Å"Physics and Skydiving†. NASA. 15 Nov. 2005. http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/qa_gp_fm.html - Hewitt, Paul. â€Å"Conceptual Physics.† St. Petersburg Fl. 2006. Tenth Edition. - â€Å"Physics of Skydiving†. 15 Nov. 2005. http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Vlad%20Paverman/skydiving.htm - Sabra, Phil. â€Å"What is the physics involved in skydiving?† 2005. PhysLink. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae536.cfm - Sharrow, Dustin. â€Å"A Short History of Bodybuilding†. BMEZINE. 2 Dec. 2003. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.bmezine.com/news/dustin/20031202.html - â€Å"The History of Sport Parachuting† BPA. 15 Nov. 2005. http://www.bpa.org.uk/history.htm

African Americans health disparities Essay

In 2011, the diagnosis rate for HIV cases in the United States was 15. 8 per 100,000 population and 60. 4 among Blacks. Of 197,090 diagnoses of HIV-infection from 2008- 2011, Blacks/African Americans accounted for: ?47% OF THE TOTAL ?64% OF WOMEN ?66% OF INFECTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO HETEROSEXUAL CONTACT ?67% OF CHILDREN, AGES < 13 In 2010, the death rate for blacks was higher (25. 0 per 100,000) compared with any other racial ethnicity group (3. 0 whites). Blacks represented 49% of all deaths with HIV in 2010. A recent study showed that blacks diagnosed with HIV are less likely than other groups to be linked to care, retained in care, receive antiretroviral treatment and achieve adequate viral suppression. African American Males African American men accounted for 42% of HIV cases diagnosed among men in 2011. A majority (72%) of African American men with HIV contracted the disease by male to male contact while 19% contracted HIV through heterosexual exposure. African American Females Among African American women, high risk heterosexual contact was the most frequently cited mode of transmission, accounting for 89% of cases diagnosed in 2011. More Information: ?HIV/AIDS TOPIC SITE ?HIV/AIDS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS ?HIV/AIDS STATISTICS AND SURVEILLANCE Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Gonorrhea In 2010, 69% of all reported cases of gonorrhea occurred among blacks. The rate of gonorrhea among blacks in 2010 was 432. 5 cases per 100,000 population, which was 18. 7 times the rate among whites (23. 1). This disparity has changed little in recent years. This disparity was larger for black men (22. 2 times) than for black women (16. 2 times). Chlamydia In 2010, the overall rate among blacks in the United States was 1,167. 5 cases per 100,000, a 4.0% increase from the 2009 rate of 1,122. 2 cases per 100,000. The rate of chlamydia among black women was over seven times the rate among white women (1,536. 5 and 205. 1 per 100,000 women, respectively). The chlamydia rate among black men was almost 11 times the rate among white men (761. 8 and 69. 9 cases per 100,000 men, respectively). Syphilis During 2009–2010, the rate of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis among blacks decreased 8. 7% (from 18. 4 to 16. 8 cases per 100,000 population). In 2010, 47. 4% of all cases reported to CDC were among blacks and 31. 0% of all cases were among whites. The overall 2010 rate for blacks was eight times the rate for whites, while the 2009 rate was 9. 2 times the rate for whites. In 2010, the rate of P&S syphilis among black men was 7. 1 times the rate among white men; the rate among black women was 21 times the rate among white women. In 2010, the rate of congenital syphilis was 33. 1 cases per 100,000 live births among blacks. Race/ethnicity for cases of congenital syphilis is based on the mother’s race/ethnicity. This rates was 12. 3 times the rate among whites (2. 7 cases per 100,000 live births). More Information: ?STD TOPIC SITE? STDS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES ?STD SURVEILLANCE REPORT ?STDS IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES Viral Hepatitis Acute Hepatitis A During the past 10 years, there has been little difference between the rates of acute hepatitis A among white non-Hispanics and black non-Hispanics. The 2011 rates for these groups were 0. 29 and 0. 27 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. Acute Hepatitis B In 2011, the rate of acute hepatitis B was highest for Black non-Hispanics (1. 4 cases per 100,000 population). Acute Hepatitis C During 2002–2010, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis C remained below 0. 5 cases per 100,000. The rate of hepatitis C among Black non-Hispanics increased 27. 3% (to 0. 14 case per 100,000 population in 2011). More Information: ?VIRAL HEPATITIS TOPIC SITE ?SURVEILLANCE REPORT FOR VIRAL HEPATITIS Tuberculosis (TB) In 2010, 84% of all reported TB cases occurred in racial and ethnic minorities. Non- Hispanic blacks or African Americans accounted for 24% of TB cases in 2010. African Americans make up approximately 14% of the U. S. population, but accounted for 40% of TB cases in U. S. -born persons. Overall, 11,182 TB cases were reported to CDC from the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2010.

Doe Season

Doe Season In the short story Doe season, David Kaplan creates a character named Andrea, who would rather be called Andy. Doe Season is not simply a story about a young girl’s hunting trip with her father and friends. During the few days that Andy is on the hunting trip, she takes an incredible journey trying to find out who she really is. Usually, hunting deer is an event reserved for young men and their fathers. Yet, it is through this outing that Andy experiences a rite of passage into womanhood. All through her life Andy has acknowledged herself as being able to relate to male figures and being more similar to her father than her mother.Andy is a young girl who enters the world of a boy's rite of passage to adulthood, experiences an internal journey through the group’s teasing, the killing of the doe, and the transformation of changing from Andy to Andrea. As Andy reflects on past journeys, the family trip to the beach stands out in her mind. She is very uncomfortab le with her feminine side. Unlike her mother, Andy and her father were both nervous in the ocean. Her mother swam and splashed with animal-like delight while her father smiling shyly, held his white arms above the waist-deep water as if afraid to get them wet (513).Andy associates more readily with her father. The naturalness of womanhood only makes Andy uncomfortable. After her mother’s top falls down in the ocean, Andy is embarrassed and quickly looks around to see if anyone has noticed (514). â€Å"The nipples like two dark eyes,† symbolizes Andy’s feelings that being feminine is similar to being grotesque instead of having elegant and beautiful qualities. Yet, this whole time Andy is unconcerned if anyone has noticed how foolish her father must look in the water trying to stay dry (514).In the beginning of the story, there is emphasis on the woods always remaining the same. The woods stretch inevitably and offer a sense of security and safety. Even while hun ting, the same woods lead back toward home where Andy’s mother is waiting for them. She is there and we are here, the thought satisfied Andy (511). When Mac, Charlie’s son, mentions to Andy that Canada is nearby, Andy rejects the idea. These same woods could not possibly go to a foreign country that is not part of home. Just as Andy is emerging into a new person, the woods around her are no longer the same s they were when she originally left home by the end of the journey. Both Charlie and Mac do not like, nor understand the idea that Andy is coming along on their hunting trip to the Pennsylvania countryside. Charlie continually questioning Andy’s father: Charlie Spoon was driving. â€Å"I don’t understand why she’s coming,† he said to her father. â€Å"How old is she anyway—eight? † â€Å"Nine,† her father replied. â€Å"She’s small for her age. † â€Å"So—nine. What’s the difference? Sheâ €™ll just add to the noise and get tired besides† (511). This goes to show that Charlie does not believe that girls or women should go hunting.He does not think that Andy is capable of keeping up with the men, this is very stereotypical. Culture has changed and it is now acceptable for women to go hunting and do outdoor activities. There are many women and girls who go hunting with their fathers in today’s world, but there are still men that think it’s a man’s job. Andy’s father does not see a problem with Andy going hanging with the guys. He sticks up for her every time Charlie and Mac ask why she’s coming with. When Charlie repeatedly stated that he didn’t understand why she was coming, Andy’s father says, â€Å"She can walk me to death.And she’ll bring good luck, you’ll see† (511). He is okay with Andy coming along because she wants too. He sees no difference between him and Andy going hunting than Ch arlie and Mac. Doe Season ends with Andy watching â€Å"her father’s knife sliced thickly from chest to bell to crotch† (521). When Andy’s father begins to gut the deer, Andy has an epiphany. She realizes that, no matter how much she tries, she cannot become part of the male society. She then runs away from everyone. This gesture of turning her back and fleeing from her male companions shows that she finally accepts the fact that she is different from men.The transformation within her is already complete. Then she listens to the sound of the wind which aptly reminds her of the â€Å"terrible, now inevitable sea† (521). The sea now becomes inevitable, owing to the fact the she recognizes she can no longer deny her true identity. She turns from the woods. Which suddenly became strange to her, to the calling ocean, heeding her real destiny- that of becoming a woman. Work Cited Kaplan, David Michael. Doe Season. Literature. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writ ing. EdLaurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. 511-521. Print. Doe Season Doe Season In the short story Doe season, David Kaplan creates a character named Andrea, who would rather be called Andy. Doe Season is not simply a story about a young girl’s hunting trip with her father and friends. During the few days that Andy is on the hunting trip, she takes an incredible journey trying to find out who she really is. Usually, hunting deer is an event reserved for young men and their fathers. Yet, it is through this outing that Andy experiences a rite of passage into womanhood. All through her life Andy has acknowledged herself as being able to relate to male figures and being more similar to her father than her mother.Andy is a young girl who enters the world of a boy's rite of passage to adulthood, experiences an internal journey through the group’s teasing, the killing of the doe, and the transformation of changing from Andy to Andrea. As Andy reflects on past journeys, the family trip to the beach stands out in her mind. She is very uncomfortab le with her feminine side. Unlike her mother, Andy and her father were both nervous in the ocean. Her mother swam and splashed with animal-like delight while her father smiling shyly, held his white arms above the waist-deep water as if afraid to get them wet (513).Andy associates more readily with her father. The naturalness of womanhood only makes Andy uncomfortable. After her mother’s top falls down in the ocean, Andy is embarrassed and quickly looks around to see if anyone has noticed (514). â€Å"The nipples like two dark eyes,† symbolizes Andy’s feelings that being feminine is similar to being grotesque instead of having elegant and beautiful qualities. Yet, this whole time Andy is unconcerned if anyone has noticed how foolish her father must look in the water trying to stay dry (514).In the beginning of the story, there is emphasis on the woods always remaining the same. The woods stretch inevitably and offer a sense of security and safety. Even while hun ting, the same woods lead back toward home where Andy’s mother is waiting for them. She is there and we are here, the thought satisfied Andy (511). When Mac, Charlie’s son, mentions to Andy that Canada is nearby, Andy rejects the idea. These same woods could not possibly go to a foreign country that is not part of home. Just as Andy is emerging into a new person, the woods around her are no longer the same s they were when she originally left home by the end of the journey. Both Charlie and Mac do not like, nor understand the idea that Andy is coming along on their hunting trip to the Pennsylvania countryside. Charlie continually questioning Andy’s father: Charlie Spoon was driving. â€Å"I don’t understand why she’s coming,† he said to her father. â€Å"How old is she anyway—eight? † â€Å"Nine,† her father replied. â€Å"She’s small for her age. † â€Å"So—nine. What’s the difference? Sheâ €™ll just add to the noise and get tired besides† (511). This goes to show that Charlie does not believe that girls or women should go hunting.He does not think that Andy is capable of keeping up with the men, this is very stereotypical. Culture has changed and it is now acceptable for women to go hunting and do outdoor activities. There are many women and girls who go hunting with their fathers in today’s world, but there are still men that think it’s a man’s job. Andy’s father does not see a problem with Andy going hanging with the guys. He sticks up for her every time Charlie and Mac ask why she’s coming with. When Charlie repeatedly stated that he didn’t understand why she was coming, Andy’s father says, â€Å"She can walk me to death.And she’ll bring good luck, you’ll see† (511). He is okay with Andy coming along because she wants too. He sees no difference between him and Andy going hunting than Ch arlie and Mac. Doe Season ends with Andy watching â€Å"her father’s knife sliced thickly from chest to bell to crotch† (521). When Andy’s father begins to gut the deer, Andy has an epiphany. She realizes that, no matter how much she tries, she cannot become part of the male society. She then runs away from everyone. This gesture of turning her back and fleeing from her male companions shows that she finally accepts the fact that she is different from men.The transformation within her is already complete. Then she listens to the sound of the wind which aptly reminds her of the â€Å"terrible, now inevitable sea† (521). The sea now becomes inevitable, owing to the fact the she recognizes she can no longer deny her true identity. She turns from the woods. Which suddenly became strange to her, to the calling ocean, heeding her real destiny- that of becoming a woman. Work Cited Kaplan, David Michael. Doe Season. Literature. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writ ing. EdLaurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. 511-521. Print.

Free Essays on Mormon Religion

Mormon Religion, What it is and why it’s a cult? Religion has become a point of persecution for many people. To others it is a test of strength and faith. Nevertheless, among this persecution from people with no faith, some religions are persecuted by others in the Christian community. One of the churches most greatly affected by this persecution is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is more commonly known as the Mormon Church, after the Book of Mormon. The Mormon Religion is said to be a Christian religion. However, Mormons not only claim to be Christians, but to be the only true Christians. Mormonism began in the early ninetieth century, amidst the religious movement, the Second Great Awakening. Joseph Smith, then a fourteen-year-old boy, had a vision telling him that the true church was not in this world. During the 1820s, while he worked on the families’ farm, he was greatly inspired by many supernatural encounters. He developed his own religious ideas. In 1830, Smith published the Book of Mormon, which he believed to be a religious record of the ancient inhabitants of North America, and is now believed, used, and sacred piece of literature by the Mormons. The church has a hierarchical organization. The bottom level, the family level, is composed of a husband, wife and children. The husband is considered the head of the family. The wife is the care-giver and both parents take part in authority over the children. Next in authority are the â€Å"Wards† which correspond to the churches in the Roman Catholic Religion, and are headed by a male Bishop, which is the equivalent to a pastor or priest. â€Å"Wards† are local congregations of the Mormon Church having auxiliary organizations (as Sunday schools and relief societies) and one or more quorums of each office of the Aaronic priesthood. Following are the â€Å"stakes,† (a Mormon territorial jurisdiction compris... Free Essays on Mormon Religion Free Essays on Mormon Religion Mormon Religion, What it is and why it’s a cult? Religion has become a point of persecution for many people. To others it is a test of strength and faith. Nevertheless, among this persecution from people with no faith, some religions are persecuted by others in the Christian community. One of the churches most greatly affected by this persecution is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is more commonly known as the Mormon Church, after the Book of Mormon. The Mormon Religion is said to be a Christian religion. However, Mormons not only claim to be Christians, but to be the only true Christians. Mormonism began in the early ninetieth century, amidst the religious movement, the Second Great Awakening. Joseph Smith, then a fourteen-year-old boy, had a vision telling him that the true church was not in this world. During the 1820s, while he worked on the families’ farm, he was greatly inspired by many supernatural encounters. He developed his own religious ideas. In 1830, Smith published the Book of Mormon, which he believed to be a religious record of the ancient inhabitants of North America, and is now believed, used, and sacred piece of literature by the Mormons. The church has a hierarchical organization. The bottom level, the family level, is composed of a husband, wife and children. The husband is considered the head of the family. The wife is the care-giver and both parents take part in authority over the children. Next in authority are the â€Å"Wards† which correspond to the churches in the Roman Catholic Religion, and are headed by a male Bishop, which is the equivalent to a pastor or priest. â€Å"Wards† are local congregations of the Mormon Church having auxiliary organizations (as Sunday schools and relief societies) and one or more quorums of each office of the Aaronic priesthood. Following are the â€Å"stakes,† (a Mormon territorial jurisdiction compris...

7 Similar but Distinct Word Pairs

7 Similar but Distinct Word Pairs 7 Similar but Distinct Word Pairs 7 Similar but Distinct Word Pairs By Mark Nichol Look-alike, sound-alike words can cause confusion. Note the distinctions between each pair of terms listed below: 1. Abjure and Adjure Abjure, from Latin by way of French, means â€Å"to deny† or â€Å"to renounce,† or â€Å"to avoid.† Adjure, which took the same route to English, means â€Å"to confirm† or â€Å"to command,† or â€Å"to advise or urge.† In some senses, therefore, they are near antonyms. (That’s logical: Ab- means â€Å"from† and ad- means â€Å"to.†) However, they do share a root syllable, the same one that is the basis of jury, jurisprudence, just, justice, and other terms from the realm of law. 2. Chafe and Chaff Chafe, ultimately derived from the Latin term calefacere, â€Å"to make warm or hot,† originally meant just that, but then, from the added sense of â€Å"rubbing to make warm,† it acquired the negative connotations of â€Å"make sore by rubbing† and then, by association, â€Å"irritate.† Chaff, an unrelated word, comes from Old English and refers to seed husks and, by extension, anything discarded as worthless. By association with the cloud of husks and other debris produced during threshing of grain, bursts of tiny scraps of metal ejected from aircraft to interfere with enemy radar is called chaff. 3. Discomfort and Discomfit These similar-looking words have similar meanings, but it was not always so. Discomfort is the antonym of the word ultimately stemming from the Latin term confortare, meaning â€Å"to strengthen.† (Fort is also the root of, well, fort, as well as fortitude.) Discomfit, from the French word desconfit, meaning â€Å"defeated† (its Latin root means â€Å"to make†), was weakened by false association with discomfort to mean â€Å"frustrate† or â€Å"perplex.† Unlike the antonym for discomfort, comfit (â€Å"to make†) is not an antonym; it refers to candied fruit. Comfiture, however, is a rare synonym meaning â€Å"an act of support.† 4. Perspicacious and Perspicuous Both words stem from the Latin term perspicere, meaning â€Å"looking through,† which is also the source of perspective. (The element spic, from specare, meaning â€Å"look at,† is also the root of spectacle and speculation.) However, the meanings are distinct: A perspicacious person is one who is astute or mentally alert; the quality so demonstrated is perspicacity. A perspicuous argument is one that is plainly clear and precise. 5. Practicable and Practical Something practicable is usable or feasible, while something practical is useful a slight but significant distinction. Practicable is used to refer to something that is or could be done (â€Å"a practicable policy†), while practical is associated with action or use: A practical umbrella is one that keeps rain from falling on you in the rain; an impractical one is decorative but not sturdy or waterproof enough for practical use. 6. Turbid and Turgid Turbid refers to a sate of cloudiness, opacity, or obscurity; its Latin source is turba, meaning â€Å"confusion.† Turgid, from the Latin term turgidus, meaning â€Å"swollen,† means just that or, by extension, â€Å"embellished† or â€Å"pompous,† in that a turgid speech, for example, is delivered by a person swollen with self-importance. 7. Waiver and Waver Waiver, referring to abandonment or relinquishment, is from an Anglo-French word meaning â€Å"to abandon.† Waver, likely from the Old English term waefre, which means â€Å"restless,† means â€Å"to act indecisively.† The latter term is therefore probably related to the verb wave, meaning â€Å"to move back and forth,† and the same word as a noun, referring to the act of waving or to something that moves back and forth, like an ocean wave or a radio wave. You’ll find discussions of many other easily confused words by searching on this site for the words â€Å"commonly confused† or for the specific words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsIs Your Novel "Mystery," "Thriller," or "Suspense"?

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General Awareness about the New Packaging for Beverage Company Assignment - 1

General Awareness about the New Packaging for Beverage Company - Assignment Example Consequently, the project management plan should be used as a reference for any decision made on the project and whenever clarifications are required in areas that are unclear. To this regards, the PMP should be used as a reference throughout the project implementation so as to ensure that the management of the project is carried out consistently and in line with the laid down policy and procedures. This, therefore, makes the PMP part and parcel of the project making it evolve with the progress of the project hence periodic updates with relevant information. The marketing project is aimed at replacing the existing packing which is plastic and metal packaging and is biohazard hence not safe to use with their disposal in the waters being capable of contaminating the entire system and posing a threat to both aquatic and human life. The packaging is not only environmentally friendly but also utilizes low carbon and free from ozone oxidants. To this regard, the plan involves creating general awareness about the new packaging for a beverage company by employing various strategic policies at different levels of publicity which can be defined as marketing. The assumptions made in the charter is that the whole organization is a unit that works first for internal solidarity and then utilize the unit by the standards of a division of labour to spread out and work for community-based agenda and that the entire human population is considered as a family. This leads to the assumption that the target market is a free market with free flow of information. As regards the constraints, the global recession will be considered especially with respect to the monetary issues. The purpose of the project is to create general awareness about the new packaging for Beverage Company by employing various strategic policies at different levels by making careful observations about different market circles both globally and internally, different groundbreaking analysis and strategic formulation aimed at powering the growth process more substantially.  Ã‚  

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Business Law and ethics - Case Study Example Child labour in developing countries The case study was largely centered on child labour in the developing countries and pertaining to this issue, Isecke stated that multinational companies through their strategy of outsourcing some of their business processes have indirectly participated in the use of child labour (43-45). This is because they mainly outsource some of their business processes to developing countries where labour is cheap since less trained workers provide it and even at times, the labour services are provided by child labourers. It is important to note that child labour was abolished worldwide through the enactment of various laws that prohibit using children below the statutory age limit of either 16 or 18 years old as labourers. According to Isecke, among the key international laws that prohibit against the child labour, include the United Nations' convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Princip les and Rights at Work (United Nations 1989) (89-93). The other thoughts of the workers Besides thinking about the notion of being paid to be educated, the Vietnamese children also thought about how their employer was socially responsible. The Vietnamese children linked their employer to a socially responsible company because of the fact that company had an option of laying them off from their respective duties so that they can go back to school as required by the law but instead the company opted to retain them in the payroll as they enroll for a full time program. This was despite the fact that the twelve children used forged documents in order to gain employment in the company. The Vietnamese children’s notion that their employer was socially responsible could have been because of the fact that scholars such as Kotler and Lee argued that companies that are socially responsible normally have a strong commitment to behaving ethically and they participate in economic developm ent whilst improving the livings standards of their workers as well as the surrounding community (23-25). It is correct to assert that the action by the Vietnamese employer was part of corporate social responsibilities since it was aligned towards an ethical practice of not using children below the statutory age limit as labourers. Additionally, the act was also aimed at improving the quality of life for the twelve children who were sponsored with a full-time educational program. This will improve their living quality of life because upon finishing their studies, the children would be entitled to promotions to higher positions and even an increase in their wage rate since they would be having additional qualifications. The other thought that the workers had other than they were being paid to be educated was that the company was creating a shared value, which was described by Kotler and Lee, as a business concept that is built on the premise that competitiveness and the health of the workforce as well as the surrounding community are dependent (67-68). In this regard, the twelve children had the notion that the company was investing in their education with an objective that they would also benefit from their sharpened skills once they finish the two-year education program. This assertion is substantiated by the fact that company, which was sponsoring the twelve childre

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Strategies for Support in Child Learning and Development Effective support for children’s learning and development requires early practitioners to have an understanding that children develop quickly during their early years- physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially. Children have an entitlement to be provided with provision that will support them and extend their knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence that will help them overcome any disadvantage. A child in their early year’s experiences should build upon what they already know and can do. The experience should encourage a positive attitude with learning and aims in order to prevent early failure. A child’s learning environment needs to be stimulating and well planned and provide a structure for teaching within which children are able to explore experiment, plan and be able to make decisions for them, therefore enabling them to learn, develop and progress. ‘Children actively seek stimulation and need first hand experiences with real objects and occurrences and responsive adults or children who both support and model’ Bruce, 2001 The Early Years Foundation Stage statutory framework identifies three prime areas of learning: personal, social and emotional development; communication and language; and physical development. Clear identification of the three prime areas of learning and development. The framework states that these three areas are â€Å"particularly crucial for igniting children’s curiosity and enthusiasm for learning, and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive.† practitioners working in early years are expected to focus strongly on the three prime areas, which are the basis for successful learning in the other four specific areas.† The specific areas include: Literacy, mathematics, understanding the world and expressive arts and design. Good. Communication and language development this involves encouraging children to link sounds and letters and to begin to read and write. Practitioners must give children access to a wide range of reading materials (books, poems and other written materials) to ignite their interest. It is providing children to gain skills and become an effective speaker and listener. A child’s learning and competence in communicating, speaking and listening, being read to and beginning to read and write must be supported. They must be provided with opportunity and encouragement to use their skills in a range of situations and for a range of purposes, and be supported in developing the confidence and disposition to do so. (Early Years Framework) Good use of reference. Physical development involves providing opportunities for young children to be active and interactive in their play and learning; and to develop their co-ordination, control and movement. They will increase the control over their movements as they develop, involving both gross and fine motor skills. Fine motor skills such as tying shoes laces or drawing, gross are things such as performing actions like throwing and catching. Children must also be helped to understand the importance of physical activity, and to make healthy choices in relation to food. Good. Personal, social and emotional development helps children to develop a positive sense of themselves, and others; to form positive relationships and develop respect for others; to develop social skills and learn how to manage their feelings; to understand appropriate behaviours in groups; and to have confidence in their own abilities as well building up their sense of identity and independence. As a baby they will begin being total ly reliant on those that care for them, as they progress they will become more independent. The child will develop social and cultural perspectives and control of their emotions; together they begin to gain and understanding of acceptable way to express their opinions and feelings. The first of the specific areas to highlight is literacy development. Language is vital to a child’s development it is the key for learning, communicating and building positive relationships. A practitioner’s role of encouraging their language acquisition is very important and that it should also concern parents, carers and even policymakers. They need to have knowledge about how the children in early years acquire their language and be able to develop into competent thinkers and language users which reflects good practice. The EYFS has pointed out the vitality of early year’s practitioners providing opportunities where children can communicate thoughts, ideas and feelings with those around them. Children retain language through daily interaction in their immediate environment. They respond to sounds, sentences and experiences expressed by those around them. Listening and attention, understanding and speaking are the three aspects of communication and language development. Communication and language development, from birth children are tuning in to the world around them. Without verbal language by observing babies attentively we are able to see how they are able to communicate with those around them. They hear sounds and will try and establish where the sounds come from. As they get older they will learn to identify and know the difference between various voices and start to understand the meaning of words. Babies cry to attract attention –in this way they communicate with the adults around them to get what they need. They have different cries for different purposes and parents soon get to know which cry means ‘I’m hungry’, ‘I’m in pain’, ‘I’m damp’ or, ‘Come and play with me now!’ Adults respond by meeting these needs and by talking to their baby. Language is important because it forms the foundations for interacting with other people – for communicating our needs, our thoughts and our experiences. From the moment of birth, babies are ready to communicate: they listen to and look at people and things in their environment, and respond to what they hear and see. Babies need a stimulating environment in which those who care for them respond sensitively to the different meanings of their cries, coos and gestures. Having the early ability to communicate verbally and non-verbally is the basis on which language is developed. A child’s ability to develop language depends on being immersed in a rich environment of words, sounds, rhythm, and verbal and non-verbal expression from birth. Children will progress through all language stages as they age, but may have different rates and milestones of achievement according to their own personal development. Early years practitioners play an active role in both language and literacy development. They will help introduce children to words, sounds, letters, and books and will highlight the relationships among them. They can promote literacy in early years by simply reading stories aloud to children on a frequent basis in setting is one of the most effective ways to promote early literacy development among young children. However, young children will tend to focus on the pictures during shared reading. The practitioner should draw children’s attention to print by pointing to the words when they say them or by asking questions about the words in the book for example â€Å"Where is the title?† or â€Å"We know this letter – it’s a C . this can help improve word awareness and alphabet knowledge. By helping children focus on the words and letter this makes shared reading more successful. For young children it would be recommended to use ‘big story booksâ€℠¢ so that all children can see it with its larger print. Mathematics: Children’s earliest interactions are with mathematics as they are exploring patterns, shapes and spaces of the world around them. It will provide children with opportunities to develop and improve their skills in counting, understanding and using numbers, calculating simple addition and subtraction problems. We are, all of us, at all ages, already highly skilled mathematicians. We just haven’t often learned it in our mathematics lessons. Lewis, 1996 Mathematics is an important part of everyday life. We use numbers for counting, ordering and measurements: Learning math in the early years involves more than practitioners providing children with manipulatives, such as pattern blocks or peg boards to explore, because mathematics is about thinking,. In order for children to mathematize what they are doing From ages 3 through 6 children move from an intuitive to a more organized/formal mathematical thinking. children need many experiences that call on them to relate their knowledge to the vocabulary and conceptual framework of mathematics — in other words to mathematize what they intuitively grasp (Joint position statement of NAEYC and NCTM, 2002).Practitioners need to provide the appropriate vocabulary and further their thinking â€Å"what will happen if you cut the smaller pieces in half? Which one comes first, second, third? Why Which one is the longest, shortest, and heaviest? How can you tell? by asking mathematical aimed questions, in turn encourages the child think mathematical. They need to help children have confidence in their calculations, estimations and develop a keen sense of curiosity. From birth babies will work hard at making sense of the world around them. They learn about quantity for example a baby eagerly wanting an object; they will want one for both hands. Then they will realise they can’t hold anymore Understanding the world will involve guiding children to make sense of their physical world and their community through opportunities to explore, observe and find out about people, places, technology and the environment. They are developing the necessary knowledge; skills and understanding that help them make sense of the world around them. This will then provide a foundation for later educational learning of science, design and technology, history, I.C.T and geography. Finding out about the world around them is what babies and young children do very effectively when they investigate by touching, holding or pressing things and by climbing on and jumping off things. Older children love to explore and investigate how and why things work and to test out their ideas of what will happen if they do a particular thing like Practitioners need to provide activities based on first hand experiences, the children need to be in an environment where there is a wide range of activities indoors and outdoors that will stimulate the child’s interest and curiosity. â€Å"Children must be taught how to think, not what to think.† Mead.M Expressive arts and design is enabling children to explore and play with a wide range of media and materials, encompasses messy play, music, dance, design and technology and imaginative play such as role play and small world play. The children within an early years setting should have daily opportunities for creative play, both inside and outside. As well as providing opportunities and encouragement for sharing their thoughts, ideas and feelings through a variety of activities. There various developmental benefits of expressive arts in including motor skills, the motions involved in making art, such as holding a paintbrush or scribbling with a crayon, practitioners should encourage the use of these as they are essential to aid the growth of fine motor skills in young children â€Å"Art is a way to encourage the process and the experience of thinking and making things better!† Khol Visual Learning: sculpting with clay and threading beads on a string all develop visual-spatial skills, which are important. nowadays toddlers know how to operate a smart phone or tablet, which means that even before they can read, kids are taking in visual information. tools and materials practitioners can use to encourage more complex exploration can include: tea bag painting, chalk pictures, splatter painting, printing with different objects such as potatoes, veg or shaped sponges. Using recycled materials for junk modelling/ structuring. They can encourage music by using: Nursery rhymes, action songs, using Sounds to help tell stories Sound pictures and making instruments. These are a few of many other tools and techniques to encourage expressive arts and design in early years. It can benefit young children as hey can help develop intrinsic human qualities, such as creativity, expression, identity, culture and imagination it can impact positively on confidence, self-esteem, perso nal, social, emotional development and behavioral health, breaking down language barriers, cultural prejudices or societal differences, and leading to decreased social problems, reduced inequality and increased creativity. The ways in which a child engages with other people and the environment – playing and exploring, active learning and creating and thinking critically – underpin learning and development across all areas of learning and support the child to remain an effective and motivated learner. Practitioners need to when planning they need to plan to cover all seven areas of learning and development. Each child will develop at their own rate through each developmental milestone. They need to keep a balance of child initiated and adult led play it their planned activities. Play has a big role of importance in early years, a great aid for learning. â€Å"The path of development is a journey of discovery that is clear only in retrospect, and it’s rarely a straight line.† Kennedy-Moore, E Bibliography http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/2100/1/achievement-for-all-characteristics-effective-inclusive-leadership.pdf ~(Accessed 20th April 2014) http://www.birthtofive.org.uk/features/effective-learning.html (Accessed 20th April) http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/foundation_stage/learning_through_play_ey.pdf (Accessed 5th May) http://www.ncb.org.uk/media/58917/factsheet_6_finaltemplate_ready_comm_lang_lit.pdf (Accessed 5th May) http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/earlylearningandchildcare/a00212432/eldp (Accessed 5th May) http://osclinks.com/618 (Accessed 5th May) http://osclinks.com/623 (Accessed 5th May) http://osclinks.com/634(Accessed 5th May) Books Pound. L, (1999) Thinking and Learning About Mathematics in the Early Years (The Nursery World/Routledge Essential Guides for Early Years Practitioners) Woods. A, (2013)  Child-Initiated Play and Learning, Planning for possibilities in the early years, Routledge Thwaites. A,(2008) 100 Ideas for Teaching Knowledge and Understanding of the World (100 Ideas for the Early Years),  Routledge Sheridan. D. M,(1977, 1999) Play in early childhood-from birth to six years, Taylor and Francis Group, London, New York Brown. M and Warner. M, (2013)  Foundation blocks for the early years, Physical development with expressive art and design, Brilliant Publications, Edlesborough.